Chemistry Science Fair Project Ideas

The best chemistry science fair project is one that answers a question or solves a problem. It can be challenging to come up  with a project idea, but looking at a list of chemistry projects other people have done may stimulate a similar idea for you. Or, you can take an idea and think of a new approach to the problem or question. Tips for Finding a Good Idea for Your Chemistry Project Write out your project idea in the form of a hypothesis as per the scientific method. If you can, come up with five to 10 hypothesis statements and work with the one that makes the most sense.Keep in mind how much time you have to complete the project, so dont select a science project that takes months to complete if you only have a few weeks. Remember, it takes time to analyze data and prepare your report. Its also possible that your experiment wont work out as planned, which would require you to develop an alternative project. A good rule of thumb is to choose an idea that takes less than half the total time you have.Dont discount an idea just because it doesnt seem to fit your educational level. Many projects can be made simpler or more complex to fit your level.Keep your budget and materials in mind. Great science doesnt have to cost a lot. Also, some materials might not be readily available where you live.Consider the season. For example, while a crystal-growing project might wo rk well under dry winter conditions, it might be hard to get crystals to grow during a humid rainy season. And a project involving seed germination may work better in the spring and summer (when seeds are fresh and sunlight is favorable) than in late autumn or winter.Dont be afraid to ask for help. Parents, teachers, and other students can help you fine-tune a science fair project idea.Follow rules and regulations. If you arent allowed to use live animals, dont choose an animal project. If you wont have access to electricity, dont pick a project that requires an outlet. A bit of planning can save you from disappointment. Examples of Good Chemistry Project Ideas The following is a list of interesting, inexpensive science fair project ideas. Consider the different scientific approaches you can take to answer each question. Can you use a  black light  to detect invisible spills or smelly stains in carpeting or elsewhere in the house? Can you predict what types of materials will  glow under a black light?Will  chilling  an onion before cutting it  keep you from crying?Does catnip repel cockroaches  better than DEET?What ratio of vinegar to  baking soda  produces the best  chemical volcano  eruption?What fabric fiber results in the brightest tie-dye?What type of plastic wrap prevents evaporation the best?What plastic wrap prevents oxidation the best?Which brand of diaper absorbs the most liquid?What percentage of an orange is water?Are night insects attracted to lamps because of heat or light?Can you make Jello using fresh pineapples instead  of canned pineapples?Do white candles burn at a different rate than colored candles?Does the presence of detergent in water affect plant growth?What type of car antifreeze is safest for the environment?Do different brands of orange juice conta in different  levels of vitamin C?Does the level of vitamin C in orange juice change over time?Does the level of vitamin C in orange juice change after the container is opened?Can a saturated solution of sodium chloride still dissolve Epsom salts?How effective are  natural mosquito repellents?Does magnetism affect the growth of plants?Do oranges gain or lose  vitamin C  after being picked?How does the shape of an ice cube affect how quickly it melts?How does sugar concentration vary in different brands of apple juices?Does storage temperature affect the pH of juice?Does the presence of cigarette smoke affect the growth rate of plants?Do different brands of popcorn leave different amounts of unpopped kernels?How do differences in surfaces affect the adhesion of tape? Chemistry Science Fair Project Ideas by Topic You can also brainstorm for your project by looking into topics that interest you. Click on the links to find project ideas based on subject matter. Acids, Bases, and pH: These are chemistry projects relating to acidity and alkalinity, mostly aimed at the middle school and high school levels.Caffeine: Are coffee or tea your thing? These projects relate mostly to experiments with caffeinated beverages, including energy drinks.Crystals: Crystals can be considered geology, physical science, or chemistry. Topics range in level from grade school to college.Environmental Science: Environmental science projects cover ecology, assessing environmental health and finding ways to solve relevant problems.Fire, Candles, and Combustion: Explore combustion science. Because fire is involved, these projects are best for higher grade levels.Food and Cooking Chemistry: There is a lot of science involving food. Plus, its a research subject everyone can access.Green Chemistry: Green chemistry seeks to minimize the environmental impact of chemistry. Its a good topic for middle and high school students.Household Project Testing: Researching household p roducts is accessible and easily relatable, making it an interesting science fair topic for students who might not ordinarily enjoy science.Magnets and Magnetism: Explore magnetism and compare different types of magnets.Materials: Materials science can relate to engineering, geology, or chemistry. There are even biological materials that can be used for projects.Plant and Soil Chemistry: Plant and soil science projects often require a bit more time than other projects, but all students have access to the materials.Plastics and Polymers: Plastics and polymers arent as complicated and confusing as you might think. These projects may be considered a branch of chemistry.Pollution: Explore sources of pollution and different ways to prevent or control it.Salt and Sugar: Salt and sugar are two ingredients anyone should be able to find, and there are many ways to explore these common household items.Sports Physics and Chemistry: Sports science projects may be attractive to students who dont see how science relates to everyday life. These projects may be of particular interest to athletes. Science Fair Projects  by Grade Level For level-specific project ideas, this list of resources is broken down by grade. Quick Look at Project Ideas by Educational LevelElementary School Science Fair ProjectsMiddle School Science Fair ProjectsHigh School Science Fair ProjectsCollege Science Fair ProjectsTenth Grade Science Fair ProjectsNinth Grade Science Fair ProjectsEighth Grade Science Fair ProjectsSeventh Grade Science Fair ProjectsSixth Grade Science Fair ProjectsFifth Grade Science Fair ProjectsFourth Grade Science Fair ProjectsThird Grade Science Fair Projects

Introduction. According To The Nasw Code Of Ethics For

Introduction According to the NASW Code of Ethics for licensed Social Workers, Social Work is clarified as the attention to environmental forces, which creates, contributes, and addresses problems in living, among individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities, with a goal of reducing discrimination, oppression, poverty, and other forms of social injustice (NASW, 2008). It is discomforting to think of a world alleviated from the security upheld by the profession of Social Work, with it being an increasingly demanding role that has erupted far beyond its former reputation, and becoming nearly equivalent to the importance to a society functioning without the protection of law enforcement. Abramovitz (1998) discusses his†¦show more content†¦Resulting in systems, transactional, person-in-situation, empowerment, and other practice theories emphasize the relationship between social conditions and the quality of life for individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. The history of the profession suggests that social workers direct social work to individual growth, causing social change, which has proposed a more ethical option than practicing nonpolitical social work. (1998, p.512-526) Social Work is an occupation that once was assumed in a negative view to the uneducated and misinformed, as being â€Å"baby snatchers,† yet over time; the role has established its status, displaying significance, and competence, by advocating for individuals, children, families, and groups. It is clear that this profession is highly qualified when addressing the needs of adults and children, and social problems that arise, by offering qualities that generate from a magnitude of Social Work values, principles, and standards. The level of impact imposed by Social Workers is significantly greater than what was once given credit for, while at the same time, it has become a common occupation. The role particularly displays as an essential in school systems throughout childhood education. Occupational statistics, in accordance to 21-1021 Child, Family, and School Social Workers indicate that Social Workers provide services and assistance, to improve the social and psychological functioning of childrenShow MoreRelatedSocial Work Values And Ethics1441 Words   |  6 PagesValues and Ethics 1 Social Work Values and Ethics Unique to the Profession Jessica A. 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NASW Code of Ethics explain the missions values and core functions of how a social worker practices. It is a guide that is used to assist social workers through ethical dilemmas while emphasizing core values (National Association of Social Workers, n.d.). CSWE is a national association that maintains the standards of educational programs for social work degrees. This entityRead MoreThe Case Study Mother With Addiction1117 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In this response to the case study Mother with Addiction, I will analyze the social worker’s style of counseling by examining his goal that he set for a mother of two who is addicted to drugs and was having sex for drugs. I will scrutinize the goal for enhancement of the morality of the client by using the code of ethics to identify the ethical issues involved in the case study. I will discuss my understanding of what the role of a social worker entitles. 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Bullying Prevention Free Essays

I. Topic: Bullying Among Adolescents and Preteens II. Introduction A. We will write a custom essay sample on Bullying Prevention or any similar topic only for you Order Now On October 7, 2003, Ryan Halligan, a 13-year-old boy from Essex Junction, Vermont, committed suicide. B. Bullying, nowadays, is a serious problem at school. C. This paper will present recent information on bullying among teenagers and preteenagers, with reference to types, roles, impacts and actions. III. Types of Bullying D. Ways of Bullying 1. Verbal Bullying 2. Social Exclusion 3. Physical Bullying 4. Cyber Bullying E. Reasons for Bullying 5. Racial Bullying 6. Religious Bullying 7. Sexual Bullying 8. Disability Bullying IV. Roles in Bullying F. Bullies . Bullying Leader 10. Followers or Henchmen 11. Supporters or Passive Bullies 12. Passive Supporters or Possible Bullies G. Bystanders H. Defenders 13. Possible Defenders 14. Defenders V. Impact of Bullying I. Students Who are Bullied J. Students Who are Bully K. Observers of Bullying L. School with Bullying Issues VI. Solutions M. Students N. Parents O. School VII. Conclusion P. Bullying among teenagers and preteenagers is an una voidable problem which may lead its victims to committed suicide. Q. The study of the types of bullying, roles of bullying and impacts of bullying help students, parents and school to stop bullying. R. I feel sorry about the students who are bullied; however, I think they can change this situation with the help of other students, their parents and school. Bingguang Feng 33B MW 4:40 04/11/2012 Bullying Among Adolescents and Preteens Bullying, nowadays, is a serious problem at schools. It affects deeply the mentalities and health of teenagers and preteenagers who get into trouble easily. Bullying is defined as â€Å"a person is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he or she has difficulty defending himself or herself. According to the 2009 Your Risk Behavior Surveillance System(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), up to 20% of high school students were bullied in United States. The 2008-2009 School Crime Supplement shows that 28% of students in grade 6-12 were victims of bullying in the United States. This paper will present recent information on bullying among teenagers and perteena gers, with reference to types, roles, impacts and actions. Bullying Among Adolescents and Preteens On October 7, 2003, Ryan Halligan, a 13-year-old boy from Essex Junction, Vermont, committed suicide. As Ryan’s father said, he was a gentle, humorous and sensitive boy. He had great time at school until he started fifth grade. His classmates began laughing at him because of his studying problems and physical weakness. His parents tried their best to help him get over those problems. However, the bullying problems never left him alone. During the summer of 2003, Ryan was commented aggressively that he was gay, and he was cheated by his on-line girlfriend. Finally, he could not stand this situation and made the worst decision, suicide (â€Å"If We Only Knew† 1/3). Ryan is not the first victim of bullying and would not be the last one. Bullying, nowadays, is a serious problem at school. Bullying is defined as â€Å"a person is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he or she has difficulty defending himself or herself. † Because of bullying, more and more students are afraid to go to school. According to the 2009 Your Risk Behavior Surveillance System(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), up to 20% of high school students were bullied in United States. The 2008-2009 School Crime Supplement shows that 28% of students in grade 6-12 were victims of bullying in the United States (â€Å"Bullying Definition† 1/2). This paper will present recent information on bullying among teenagers and preteenagers, with reference to types, roles, impacts and actions. First of all, bullying can be classified by the ways of bullying or the reasons for bullying. Bullying is further categorized as verbal bullying, social bullying, physical bullying and cyber bullying by the ways of bullying. Verbal bullying is an aggressive behavior through derogatory languages. It includes bad-name-calling, ridicule, slanderous comments and bruiting deceitful rumors. Social bullying is a provocative social action used by people who bully others. It includes social separation, ignoring someone and setting others up to look stupid. Physical bullying is an obvious aggressive action used to force someone to do something he or she unwilling to do. It includes kicking, hitting, spitting, shoving and stealing others’ money or damaging someone’s belongings. Cyber bullying is also known as electronic bullying. It can be verbal or visual. Provocative calls, annoying messages or emails, threatening internet site, or showing someone horrible pictures or videos is considered as cyber bullying (â€Å"What is Bullying? † 1/3). Tyler Clementi, an eighteen- year-old university student from Piscataway, New Jersey, jumped from the George Washington Bridge because his roommate who used webcam to view he was kissing another man and posted the video on the Internet without letting him know (Allen 2/4). It is estimated that more than 33% of young student have experienced cyber threats online (â€Å"Cyber Bullying Statistic†). Despite the ways of bullying, bullying is classified into racial bullying, religious bullying, sexual bullying and disability bullying by the reasons for bullying. Racial bullying is also called ethnic bullying. It is an aggressive behavior that some people treating someone badly because he or she does not have the same racial cultures or background as the people who bully do. Making fun with someone’s racial culture, calling their racist names, or commenting their racial backgrounds badly belongs to racial bullying. Religious bullying is very similar to racial bullying. Someone is bullied because his or her religious belief or background is different or special. Bullying through telling something unfavorable about a religious belief or background, abusing someone base on his or her religious belief or background, or laughing at someone because of his or her religious belief or background is religious bullying. Not only race and religion, but also sex is another reason for bullying. Sexual bullying is a bullying behavior that using people’s sexuality or gender as a weapon by males or females to hurt other males or females. It can be physical or non-physical. Sexual bullying includes treating someone badly because of his or her gender, playing jokes or making rough comment about someone’s sexual behavior, or saying someone a homosexuality. Johnny Cagno, a middle-school student in Rhode Island, had experienced sexual bullying for a long time. His classmates kept saying that he was gay because his hobby is different. As Johnny’s mother said â€Å"I felt like everyday I was sending him off to war† (â€Å"Bullying: Words Can Kill†). The last reason for bullying is disability. Disability bullying is that someone is treating badly because he or she is disabled. People usually bully cripples by making fun of their disability, laughing at them because they are disabled (â€Å"What is Bullying† 1/3). In addition to know about types of bullying, the roles of bullying are also necessary for students, parent and school to pay attention to. In bullying action, people can be classified into three groups by their actions. The first group is the bully. It includes bullying leader, followers or henchmen, supporters or passive bullies and passive supporters or possible bullies. The bullying leader is the one who starts bullying and leads other students to bully someone else. The followers or henchmen are the students who like to bully others and follow the bullying leader, but they are not the first one to bully. The supporters or passive bullies like bullying but do not take part in it. They usually enjoy watching and make people pay attention to the bullying. The passive supporters or possible bullies are students who like bullying, but they do not show their feeling of bullying to anyone. The second group is bystander. They are known as disengaged onlookers. They do not take any side of bullying. They do not like or hate it. They just watch and think the bullying is none of their business. The last group of bullying is the defender. The possible defenders are the students who hate bullying. They want to help the victims of bullying. However, they did not take any action. The defenders are the students who dislike bullying and try to do something which can help the students who are bullied (â€Å"What is Bullying† 2/3). Despite the roles of bullying, bullying has wide-ranging negative effects on the students who are bullied, students who bully, students who observe bullying, and schools. Because of bullying, the victims of bullying become depressed, lose self-esteem and have health problems. Their grades also start to fall down. The worst thing is some of them attempt suicide. Johnny tried to kill himself by over taking cool pills. Fortunately, his was rushed to the hospital in time (â€Å"Bullying: Words Can Kill†). Despite the damages of the bullying victims, the bullies usually have more troubles than other students. They fight frequently, steal other’s belongs, and drink alcohol and smoke. They usually have low grades at school. They can creative a negative climate at school. Some of them may bring weapons to school. According to a recent statistics from 2010, one out of every 20 students has seen someone bring a gun at school (â€Å"Bullying Statistics†). The witnesses of bullying will think school is a danger place. They have a feeling of fear when they see bullying. They are too frightened to help the victims of bullying and feel guilty for their actions. The bullies try to tempt them take part in bullying. By the effects of bullying, the climate of school becomes negative. If the school does not take any effective action, it will be not safe for the students anymore. Students may think that teachers and school administrations do not care about them and do not try to protect them from bullying. Then, students cannot study well in this environment. They are worried about their safety and feel unsafe at school (â€Å"What is Bullying† 3/3). Bullying seems difficult to be stopped. However, with the help of students, parents and school, it can decrease or be stopped. First of all, the students should report bullying to teachers or their parents as soon as possible. The students who are bullied can share their experience with other students. They can perform it as a play to let more students know about bullying. They can work as an anti-bullying group to talk about how to stop bullying, and help school develop protect principle and rules. In addition to stop bullying, parents also play important roles in it. They can communicate with their children and use their knowledge and experience to help their children. They can meet school administrators and give suggestions to school. The best way is parents volunteer in the bullying prevention at school. By volunteering with their children, parent can give a lot of courage to their children to fight bullying. John, Ryan’s father, tried his best to lead the Vermont Bully Prevention bill became a law (ACT117) in a short time after Ryan’s death (â€Å"About Us†). Beside students and parents, school also has responsibility for stopping bullying. School staff can create policies about stopping bullying and set up a special department to deal with bullying problems. School also can post anti-bullying messages around school area. Holding meetings for students, parents and teachers talk about bullying, school can inform the parent how the bullying prevention going (â€Å"Engage Parents Youth†). As has been demonstrated above, bullying among teenagers and preteenagers is an unavoidable problem which may lead its victims to committed suicide. In addition, bullying does not only affect on its victims but also has deep impact of bullies, observers and school. Indeed bullying can be categorized by why students bully or how students bully, and students play different roles in it. Therefore, students, parents and school try to work together in order to prevent students from being hurt by bullying. As Ryan committed suicide after a long time had been bullied, his father said â€Å"if we only knew, if he only told us† (â€Å"If We Only Knew† 1/3). People feel sorry about the students who are bullied. Those students do not know how to deal with bullying. They are lack of self-protect consciousness and afraid to tell other people. The school and parents should give more information to them and teach them how to flight against bullying. The government should also have set up a law to protect students from being bullying and punish the bullies. Let’s make the school to be a happy place again. Works Cited â€Å"About Us. † Ryan’s Story. Ryan’s Story Presentation LTD, 2010. Web. 17 March 2012. Allen, Jane. â€Å"Rutgers Suicide: Internet Humiliation Trauma for Teen. † ABCNews. ABC News Internet Ventures. Yahoo! -ABC News Network, 30 September 2010. Web. 10 March 2012. â€Å"Bullying Definition. † stopbullying. gov. U. S. Department of Health Services, 2010. Web. 27 March 2012. â€Å"Bullying Facts. † Prevnet Promoting Relationships and Elimination Violence. PREVNet, 2011. Web. 28 February 2012. â€Å"Bullying Statistics. † Bullying Statistics. Bullying Stastics- Stop Bullying, Harrassment, nd Violence, 2009. Web. 29. March 2012 â€Å"Bullying: Words Can Kill. † 48 Hours Mystery. Narr. Tracy Smith. CBS. 17 September. 2011. CBSNews. com . Web. 4 March. 2012. â€Å"Cyber Bullying Statistics. † Bullying Statistics. Bullying Stastics- Stop Bullying, Harrassment, and Violence, 2009. Web. 29. March 2012 â€Å"Engage Parents Youth. † stopbullying. gov. U. S. Department of Health Services, 2010. Web. 27 March 2012. â€Å"Gay Bullying Statistics. † Bullying Statistics. Bullying Stastics- Stop Bullying, Harrassment, and Violence, 2009. Web. 29. March 2012 If We Only Knew, If He Only Told Us. † Ryan’s Story. Ryan’s Story Presentation LTD, 2010. Web. 17 March 2012. â€Å"Rutgers Suicide: Internet Humiliation Trauma for Teen. † ABCNews. ABCNews. 30 September. 2010. ABCNews. go. com. Web. 10 March. 2012. â€Å"Sexual bullying in schools. † NSPCC Cruelty to children must stop. NSPCC, 2011. Web. 28 February 2012. â€Å"Vermont’s Bully Prevention Law-ACT 117. † Ryan’s Story. Ryan’s Story Presentation LTD, 2010. Web. 17 March 2012. â€Å"What is Bullying? † Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. Hazelden Foundation, 2011. Web. 28 February 2012. How to cite Bullying Prevention, Essay examples

Scarlet Letter By Hawthorne Essays (529 words) -

Scarlet Letter By Hawthorne The novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was an objective description of the life of Hester Prynne, an adultress. The novel does not go into specific details of the thoughts of the woman except to describe the mien of her character. Throughout the novel she faces humiliation by the other people of Boston, but never loses her sense of pride. Hester Prynne suffers enormousely from the shame of her public disgrace and from the isolation of her punishment; however, she retains her self-respect and survives her punishment with dignity, grace, and ever-growing strength of character. From the moment Hester Prynne is introduced into the plot of The Scar- let Letter in chapter 2, "The Marketplace", the reader realizes how prideful she is. As an adultress, she is forced to endure ignominy by her peers and is doomed to have the letter A bound to her heart. When standing on the scaffold as pun- ishment for her sins, she never truly falters. She hold a three month old infant in her arms and attempts to cover her brand with the child. However, she realizes that the baby symbolizes her sin just as much as the letter, and decides it's pointless. Throughout many years of her life, Hester was considered an outcast by the people of her town. These repercussions are felt by her daughter, Pearl, as well, because she has no friends. They don't associate with others and some instances occurred when Puritan children would throw rocks at the two. During this time, Hester refuses to make publicly known the name of her child's father. To bear the weight of her punishment all alone made her even stronger. As her life progressed, Hester became less of an outcast in the public eye. She was gifted at embroidery and was charitable to those less fortunate than she. (Although Hester was a talented seamstress, she did not make as much money as she could have because she was not allowed to sew wedding dresses. This is obviously because she had committed sins that were supposed to be confined to the sanctity of marriage.) Seven years after she had stood on the scaffold as a criminal, her letter was thought by the people to mean "able" as opposed to "adultress". Some time after that the public changed their views of her again and she was thought of as "angel". Even though she wanted to rid herself of the letter, she knew she couldn't because she had to bear the consequences of her actions for the remainder of her life, or at the very least the rest of her life in Boston. In conclusion, Hester Prynne was a strong woman who possessed a great deal of integrity and strength. Her probity was manifested by the way she pro- jected herself, even when faced with public disgrace. On the outside, it would seem as though the letter did nothing to hurt her pride. The reader doesn't know what Hester felt internally, but he does know that she felt the brand of the letter deep in her heart, as if it had become a part of her. However, this did not affect how she carried herself. Hester Prynne always had a sense of pride, dignity, and self-respect that surrounded her being and told all who encountered her she was filled with probity.

Free Essays on Watergate

A major issue at the beginning of Nixon’s second term became known as the Watergate scandal. Agents hired by the Committee for the Re-Election of the President broke into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate apartment-office complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. They had penetrated the files and installed listening devices. Early in 1973 the agents were convicted of burglary and political espionage. The Senate held hearings to investigate allegations of attempts by high White House officials to cover up administration involvement in the case. President Nixon repeatedly denied that anyone in his administration was involved in the break-in. However, several of Nixon’s closest advisers did resign. When it was revealed that White House conversations and telephone calls had been recorded, Congress subpoenaed the tapes, but Nixon refused to release any of the White House recordings claiming â€Å"executive privilege.† Meanwhil e, the House Judiciary Committee began an inquiry into whether he had committed impeachable offenses. On April 30, 1974, Nixon released some edited transcripts of White House conversations that he felt would reassure the public of his innocence regarding the Watergate break-in and cover-up. Instead he lost many of his supporters. The Supreme Court ruled that Nixon must surrender the additional White House tapes sought by the special Watergate prosecutor as evidence in criminal proceedings. Three of these recordings documented Nixon’s personal order to cover up the Watergate break-in. With their release, Nixon admitted the evidence was â€Å"at variance† with earlier statements. The House Judiciary Committee had already voted in late July to recommend Nixon’s impeachment. With Congressional support destroyed, Nixon chose resignation over impeachment. On Aug. 8, 1974, Nixon appeared on television to resign the presidency, and the next day Vice-President Ford became p... Free Essays on Watergate Free Essays on Watergate Watergate was a designation of a major U.S. scandal that began with the burglary and wiretapping of the Democratic party's headquarters, later engulfed President Richard M. Nixon and many of his supporters in a variety of illegal acts and culminated in the first resignation of a U.S. president. The burglary was committed on June 17, 1972, by five men who were caught in the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate apartment and office complex in Washington D.C. Their arrest eventually uncovered a White House-sponsered plan of espionage against political opponents and a trail of complicity that led to many of the highest officials in the land, including former U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell, White House Counsel John Dean, White House Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman, White House Special Assistant on Domestic Affairs John Ehrlichman, and President Nixon himself. On April 30, 1973, nearly a year after the burglary and arrest and following a grand jury investigation of the burglary, Nixon accepted the resignation of Haldeman and Ehrlichman and announced the dismissal of Dean U.S. Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resigned as well. The new attorney general, Elliot Richardson, appointed a special prosecutor, Harvard Law School profesor Archibald Cox, to conduct a full-scale investigation of the Watergate break-in. In May of 1973, the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Activities opened hearings, with Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina as chairman. A series of startling revelations followed. Dean testified that Mitchell had ordered the break-in and that a major attempt was under way to hide White House involvement. He claimed that the president had authorized payments to the burglars to keep them quiet. The Nixon administration immediately denied this assertion. The testimony of White House aide Alexander Butterfield unlocked the entire investigation pertaining to White House tapes. On July 16, 1973, Butterfield t... Free Essays on WaterGate A major issue at the beginning of Nixon’s second term became known as the Watergate scandal. Agents hired by the Committee for the Re-Election of the President broke into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate apartment-office complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. They had penetrated the files and installed listening devices. Early in 1973 the agents were convicted of burglary and political espionage. The Senate held hearings to investigate allegations of attempts by high White House officials to cover up administration involvement in the case. President Nixon repeatedly denied that anyone in his administration was involved in the break-in. However, several of Nixon’s closest advisers did resign. When it was revealed that White House conversations and telephone calls had been recorded, Congress subpoenaed the tapes, but Nixon refused to release any of the White House recordings claiming â€Å"executive privilege.† Meanwhil e, the House Judiciary Committee began an inquiry into whether he had committed impeachable offenses. On April 30, 1974, Nixon released some edited transcripts of White House conversations that he felt would reassure the public of his innocence regarding the Watergate break-in and cover-up. Instead he lost many of his supporters. The Supreme Court ruled that Nixon must surrender the additional White House tapes sought by the special Watergate prosecutor as evidence in criminal proceedings. Three of these recordings documented Nixon’s personal order to cover up the Watergate break-in. With their release, Nixon admitted the evidence was â€Å"at variance† with earlier statements. The House Judiciary Committee had already voted in late July to recommend Nixon’s impeachment. With Congressional support destroyed, Nixon chose resignation over impeachment. On Aug. 8, 1974, Nixon appeared on television to resign the presidency, and the next day Vice-President Ford became p... Free Essays on Watergate Kutler’s Watergate Watergate was a site of major scandal in the U.S. It involved burglary, wiretapping of the Democratic Party’s headquarters. The President and many of his trusted men were targets of investigation. Water gate led to the first ever resignation of a President. The burglary was committed on June 17, 1972, by five men who were caught in the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate apartment and office complex in Washington D.C. Their arrest eventually uncovered a White House sponsored plan of espionage against political opponents. This conspiracy involved many of the highest officials in the land, including former U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell, White House Counsel John Dean, and White House Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman, White House Special Assistant on Domestic Affairs John Ehrlichman, and President Nixon. On April 30, 1973, a year after the burglary and arrest and following a grand jury investigation of the burglary, Nixon accepted the resignation of Haldeman and Ehrlichman and U.S. Attorney General Richard Kleindienst and announced the dismissal of Dean, The new attorney general, Elliot Richardson, appointed a special prosecutor, Law School professor Archibald Cox from Harvard Law, to conduct a full investigat ion of the Watergate breakin. In May of 1973, the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Activities opened hearings, headed by Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina as chairman. A series of startling revelations followed. John Dean said is his opening statement, that he had discussed the cover-up with President Nixon in several meetings. At the first meeting, in September 1972, he told the president how he and other members of the White House had handled the cover-up so far. Dean claimed that in another important meeting with Nixon, on March 21, 1973, the president agreed $1million should be raised to silence the burglars. However Dean said that he dealt with the presid... Free Essays on Watergate watergate scandal George McGovern, the Democratic presidential nominee the year of 1973, called it ''the mother of all White House scandals.'' Watergate was in fact the name of the biggest political scandal in United States history. It involved illegal activities such as burglary, wire-tapping and espionage. All designed to help Richard Milhous Nixon to win re-election in 1972 But, instead it resulted in the resignation of president Nixon. On June 17, 1972 five men were caught breaking into the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee. The headquarters were in a large apartment building complex called Watergate. The men had intended to photograph documents and to place wire taps on the telephones. The group’s leader was James McCord who was on the committee to reelect the President and was also handling Nixon’s campaign. Papers found in the pocket of one of the burglars led to White House staff members. Which meant that there were more people involved then just the original seven. The cover-up started to begin. The Nixon administration hid and shredded any and all documents, which could lead to any, connected between the white house and the burglars. Weeks later the seven Watergate defendants were indicted and were paid money for their silence. Throughout 1972 little was said about the Watergate scandal. A poll showed that most Americans had not even heard of it. In November, Nixon was overwhelming reelected and in 1973 the trial of Watergate seven was held. All defendants pleaded guilty or were convicted and it seemed as if the whole mess was over. Then on March 23, 1973 Judge John Si... Free Essays on Watergate The term Watergate became known as a scandalous series of events that ended Richard Nixon’s presidency and threatened the foundations of American government. In preparation for the 1972 election, Nixon was determined to win an overwhelming mandate for a second term. To protect Nixon at all costs from anything that might weaken his position, he made what is called the â€Å"enemies list. â€Å" This was a list developed by a special council that listed names of prominent people unsympathetic to the administration. It included politicians such as Senator Edward Kennedy, members of the media such as reporter Daniel Schorr, and a number of outspoken performers including comedian Dick Gregory and actors Jane Fonda and Steve McQueen. Aides then considered how to harass these White House â€Å"enemies.† One idea was to arrange income tax investigations of people on the list. Despite his dedication to a domestic policy of law and order, Nixon was sometimes willing to take illegal actions more serious than the activities the were meant to control. Then the White House organized its own unit - nicknamed the Plumbers - to stop government security leaks. The group included E. Howard Hunt, a spy novelist and former CIA agent, and G. Gordon Liddy, once an FBI agent. This intelligent branch mastered outstanding plans such as an elaborate scheme of wiretapping. They planned to tap top Democrats to try to compromise them at their convention. They decided it would be to expensive and risky but they finally approved of the tapping of the phones at Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, D.C. The first break-in to install illegal listening devices failed. A second attempt, on the night of June 16... Free Essays on Watergate The Watergate Scandal By: Sandy Bratchet The Watergate Scandal Richard Nixon was the thirty-seventh President of the United States of America from 1969 until 1974. Nixon completed his first term as President in 1973 and was re-elected for the position for the next four years. However, Nixon would have his time in the White House cut short by the series of events that occurred in the twenty-six months that followed the Watergate burglary. On June 17, 1972 five men, one White House employee and four Cubans, broke into the Watergate Office Building in Washington, DC in an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee (DNC) office. The break in and the events that took place afterwards led to the resignation of Richard Milhous Nixon on August 8, 1974. The morning of June 18, Nixon was at his home in Key Biscayne, FL. when he read a headline about the Watergate break in. The idea was out of this world and Nixon did not believe what he was reading. Nixon dismissed the story as a political prank (Nixon 625-626). James McCord , Bernard Barker, Virgilo Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, and Frank Sturgis had been arrested charged with second-degree burglary by the Washington police. McCord, a former CIA officer, was employed by the Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP) as a security consultant. Ironically McCord was supposed to prevent the very things he was doing to the DNC. Nixon telephoned Charles Colson, a special counsel to President Nixon, that evening to discuss the Watergate break in. Colson said, â€Å"he was so furious.......he threw an ashtray across the room and was outraged that anybody even remotely connected with the campaign would have anything to do with a thing like Watergate.† Nixon did not understand why anyone would try to bug the DNC, because no useful information could be rendered from anything recorded there. What started out as a prank in the eyes of President Nixon had now become a possible issue in the re-electi... Free Essays on Watergate The Watergate Scandal involved a number of illegal activities that were designed to help President Richard Nixon win re-election. The scandal involved burglary, wiretapping, campaign financing violations, and the use of government agencies to harm political opponents. A major part of the scandal was also the cover-up of all these illegal actions. â€Å"Watergate, however, differed from most previous political scandals because personal greed apparently did not play an important role. Instead Watergate attacked one of the chief features of Democracy – free and open elections† (Worldbook 1). The Watergate Scandal got its name from the Watergate Complex in Washington D.C. This large office building was the home of the Democratic National Headquarters, and the site of the break-in that began the largest scandal in American Politics. However, even before the break-in, President Nixon had begun illegal operations. President Nixon had created a special investigation unit to prevent the leaking of confidential documents to the public. He did this after a number of Defense Department papers were released to the public concerning President Nixon’s paranoia over the public’s criticism of his Vietnam War policies (Owens 1). The â€Å"Plumbers†, as they were nicknamed, were headed by two of Nixon’s top aides, G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt. In order to prevent all information leaks, the â€Å"Plumbers† investigated the private lives of Nixon’s political enemies and critics. The White House rationalized the actions of the plumbers by saying that they were protecting National Security. The actual Watergate Scandal began on June 17, 1972, with the arrest of five men for breaking into the Democratic Party’s National Headquarters located in the Watergate Complex in Washington D.C. The five men were part of the Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP). They were attempting to fix a broken phone tap that they had installed ab... Free Essays on Watergate "The Watergate Complex is a series of modern buildings with balconies that looks like filed down Shark's Teeth" (Gold, 1). Located on the Potomac River in Washington, D.C. it contains many hotel rooms and offices. What happened in the complex on June 17, 1972 early in the morning became a very historical event for our nation that no one will ever forget. The "Watergate Scandal and constitutional crisis that began on June 17, 1972 with the arrest of five burglars who broke into the Democratic National Committee (DMC) headquarters at the Watergate office building in Washington D.C. It ended with the registration of President Richard M. Nixon on August 9, 1974. (Watergate) At approximately 2:30 in the morning of June 17, 1972 five men were arrested at the Watergate Complex. The police seized a walkie talkie, 40 rolls of unexposed film, two 35 millimeter cameras, lock picks, pensized teargas guns, and bugging devices. (Gold, 75) These five men and two co-plotters were indicated in Septem ber 1972 on charges of burglary, conspiracy and wire tapping. Four months later they were convicted and sentenced to prison terms by District Court Judge John J. Sercia was convinced that relevant details had not been unveiled during the trial and offered leniency in exchanged for further information. As it became increasingly evident that the Watergate burglars were tied closely to the Central Intelligence Agency and the Committee to re-elect the president. (Watergate) Four of these men, that were arrested on the morning of June 17, 1972, came from Miami, Florida. They were Bernard L. Barker, Frank A. Sturgis, Virgillio R. Gonzalez, and Eugenio R. Martinez. The other man was from Rockville, Maryland named James W. McCord, Jr. The two co-plotters were G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt. (Watergate) The senate established and investigative committee headed by Senate Sam Ervin, Jr., to look into the growing scandal. As they were investigating, they related tha...

Ecology In and Around a Dead Tree

Ecology In and Around a Dead Tree The small image included with this article is an old dead tree snag on my rural property in Alabama. It is a photo of the remains of an old water oak that lived grandly for over 100 years. The tree finally succumbed to its environment and completely died of old age about 3 years ago. Still, its size and rate of deterioration suggest that the tree will be around and influencing my property for a long time yet - and for that I am pleased. What Is a Dead Tree Snag? Tree snag is a term used in forestry and forest ecology which refers to a standing, dead or dying tree. That dead tree will, over time, lose its top and will drop most of the smaller branches while creating a debris field underneath. As more time goes by, maybe as long as several decades, the tree will slowly be reduced in size and height while creating a viable ecosystem in and underneath the decomposing and falling biomass. A tree snags persistence depends on two factors - the size of the stem and the durability of the wood of the species concerned. The snags of some large conifers, such as coast redwood on the Pacific Coast of North America and the largest cedars and cypress of U.S. coastal south, can remain intact for 100 years or more, becoming progressively shorter with age. Other tree snags of species with rapidly weathering and decaying wood - like pine, birch, and hackberry - will break up and collapse in less than five years. A Tree Snags Value So, when a tree dies it still has not completely satisfied its ecological potential and the future ecological value it provides. Even in death, a tree continues to play multiple roles as it influences surrounding organisms. Certainly, the impact of the individual dead or dying tree gradually diminishes as it weathers and further decomposes. But even with decomposition, the woody structure may remain for centuries and influence habitat conditions for millennia (especially as a wetland snag). Even in death, my Alabama tree continues to have a tremendous influence on the microecology in, around, and under its decomposing trunk and branches. This particular tree provides nesting for a significant squirrel population and raccoons and is often called a den tree. Its branching limbs provide a rookery for egrets and perches for hunting birds like hawks and kingfishers. The dead bark nurtures insects that attract and feed woodpeckers and other carnivorous, insect-loving birds. The fallen limbs create understory cover and food for quail and turkey underneath the falling canopy. Decaying trees, as well as fallen logs, may actually be creating and influencing more organisms than a living tree. In addition to creating a habitat for decomposer organisms, dead trees provide critical habitat for sheltering and feeding a variety of animal species. Snags and logs also provide habitat for plants of higher orders by creating habitat provided by nurse logs. These nurse logs provide the perfect seedbed for tree seedlings in some tree species. In forest ecosystems such as the alluvial Sitka spruce-western hemlock forests of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, almost all tree reproduction is confined to rotten wood seedbeds. How Trees Die Sometimes a tree will die very quickly by a devastating insect outbreak or from the virulent disease. More frequently, however, a trees death is caused by a complex and slow process with multiple contributing factors and causes. These multiple causal concerns are typically categorized and labeled as abiotic or biotic. Abiotic causes of tree mortality include environmental stresses like flooding, drought, heat, low temperatures, ice storms, and excess sunlight. Abiotic stress is particularly associated with the death of tree seedlings. Pollutant stresses (e.g., acid precipitation, ozone, and acid-forming oxides of nitrogen and sulfur) and wildfire are usually included in the abiotic category but can significantly impact older trees. Biotic causes of eventual tree death can result from plant competition. Losing the competitive battle for light, nutrients or water will limit photosynthesis and result in tree starvation. Any defoliation, be it from insects, animals or disease can have the same long-term effect. Declines in the vigor of a tree from periods of starvation, insect and disease infestations and abiotic stresses can have a cumulative effect that eventually causes mortality.

Task-based Instructions in Interactive Communication Research Paper

Task-based Instructions in Interactive Communication - Research Paper Example Task-based Instructions in Interactive Communication In this system, the teacher gives an assignment that has to be done practically in the field by the students, using the second language, being taught. The students take up the assignments and have to make a choice regarding the setting where they would like to perform their tasks on. Students may choose to talk to the customer care mobile operator, interview a doctor, talk to a government official, talk to members of staff who are adept in communicating in that particular language taken by the student or rather a fellow student who is conversant in communicating in that language. Since the operation is student centered, the students undertake it and file a report on the task. This extends to the presentation of the tasks in class. The teacher then has the responsibility to analyze and give a score in conjunction to the student’s work. This poses major challenges in administration by the teachers, honesty in the part of the student and sentimental trade-offs. The task-based instruction learning system is coupled with several quandaries. It involves focus on the utilization of a given target second language by students. Such assignments include communicating with different people. Assessments of performance ids analyzed from the perspective of the outcome of the assignment as disputed to the expertise or accuracy of the student in that particular language.... The problems begin from this point. Since this method of learning is more students centered and has minimal supervision by the teachers, the students may decide not to advance their vocabulary and explore the language with proficiency. They might limit themselves to simple, elementary vocabulary that is not advancing their proficiency in the second language being studied. Other students may seek to rely on the others working. Another challenge is that of time shortage. Students may run out of time in the practical tasks extending to failure. If not properly organized, the practical task may prove to be confusing and cumbersome in terms of the size of the student body being analyzed. Limited resources and confidence by the students can be a major trade off. Significance of the Problem The quandaries, outlines above are significant in such a way that they affect the task based instructional kind of education to students who take a particular language as the second language. This poses a major debate on whether the system of education is up to standard. However, research will definitely aid in the explanation of the problem and various ways of dealing with its outcome, as well as prospecting the major ways of solving this query. The system of education, as mentioned above, has various disadvantages and poses an immense challenge to those applying it in education. These challenges ought to be addressed and put into profound consideration. The issue also has a streak of advantage as it helps students to push harder and avoid imminent victimization, which may be quite challenging to detach oneself from. The research also looks into different analyses by former and present writers in a way that the