The Impact Sociological Theories Have on Religion Essay -- Sociology

The Impact Sociological Theories Have on Religion Sociological theories are usually constructed from ideas of early sociologist through scientific research in regards to developing a better understanding of how our social world operates. By gaining this type of knowledge, sociologist can better explain (to those who are interested) the social world that we have grown accustom to, as well as make predictions of how the social world will develop and function in the future. Three are three major categories that are classified under sociological theories: functionalist theory, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction theory. All three of these theories are known to have an impact on social institutions such as families, healthcare, religion, education, mass-media, politics, and economics. The primary focus of this research paper is to assess how the three major sociological theories have influence on religion. Functionalism is a structural-consensus perspective that views society as a system (Stevens, 2008). One of the benefits for functionalism is that can be correlated in almost every kind of system, especially a system that is created for the power of integration, socialization, and legitimization for society. Religion is something that provides individuals with particular morals, values, and guidance to venture through life. Religion is an institution that can provide stability for societies through various religious concepts, and is substantial for the support of social cohesion and order. Many functionalist theories of religion, for example, claim that religion functions in such a way as to integrate societies (McCauley, 1984). There are many types of religion that people practice world-wide such as Christianity, Catholi... ...uis, Missouri: McGraw-Hill . Schaub, E. L. (1920, July). A Sociological Theory of Knowledge. The Philosopical Review, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 319-339. Duke University Press on behalf of Philosophical Review. Stevens, W. J. (2008, February 4). Religion: A Functionalist Assessment. Retrieved from Helium.com: http://www.helium.com/items/841304-religion-a-functionalist-assessment Svensson, I. (2007, December). Fighting with Faith: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp 930-949. Sage Publication, Inc. Wimberley, D. W. (1989, Spring). Religion and Role-Identity: A Structural Symbolic Interactionist Conceptualization of Religiosity. The Sociological Quarterly Vol. 30, No 1. pp 125-142. Blackwell Publishing. Unknown. (n.d.). Retrieved from Forum for Relgion og Identitet: http://identitetogsamfunn.blogspot.com/ The Impact Sociological Theories Have on Religion Essay -- Sociology The Impact Sociological Theories Have on Religion Sociological theories are usually constructed from ideas of early sociologist through scientific research in regards to developing a better understanding of how our social world operates. By gaining this type of knowledge, sociologist can better explain (to those who are interested) the social world that we have grown accustom to, as well as make predictions of how the social world will develop and function in the future. Three are three major categories that are classified under sociological theories: functionalist theory, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction theory. All three of these theories are known to have an impact on social institutions such as families, healthcare, religion, education, mass-media, politics, and economics. The primary focus of this research paper is to assess how the three major sociological theories have influence on religion. Functionalism is a structural-consensus perspective that views society as a system (Stevens, 2008). One of the benefits for functionalism is that can be correlated in almost every kind of system, especially a system that is created for the power of integration, socialization, and legitimization for society. Religion is something that provides individuals with particular morals, values, and guidance to venture through life. Religion is an institution that can provide stability for societies through various religious concepts, and is substantial for the support of social cohesion and order. Many functionalist theories of religion, for example, claim that religion functions in such a way as to integrate societies (McCauley, 1984). There are many types of religion that people practice world-wide such as Christianity, Catholi... ...uis, Missouri: McGraw-Hill . Schaub, E. L. (1920, July). A Sociological Theory of Knowledge. The Philosopical Review, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 319-339. Duke University Press on behalf of Philosophical Review. Stevens, W. J. (2008, February 4). Religion: A Functionalist Assessment. Retrieved from Helium.com: http://www.helium.com/items/841304-religion-a-functionalist-assessment Svensson, I. (2007, December). Fighting with Faith: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp 930-949. Sage Publication, Inc. Wimberley, D. W. (1989, Spring). Religion and Role-Identity: A Structural Symbolic Interactionist Conceptualization of Religiosity. The Sociological Quarterly Vol. 30, No 1. pp 125-142. Blackwell Publishing. Unknown. (n.d.). Retrieved from Forum for Relgion og Identitet: http://identitetogsamfunn.blogspot.com/

Contemporary Issues in Hospitality & Tourism Essay

Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has progressively become known as a germane issue in the corporate world for the past decade. Making the world a better place, socially and environmentally, is a global accepted phenomenon. According to Porter & Kramer, 2006, â€Å"corporate social responsibility has emerged as an inescapable priority for business leaders in every country.† The objective of this review is to discuss benefits of CSR on the hotel industry. What is CSR? Corporate social responsibility involves the ethical and non-commercial responsibilities of businesses as they relate to society in general. It is based, on a triple bottom-line approach for companies — people (society), planet (environment) and economic (profit) (Gard McGehee, Wattanakamolchai, Perdue, Onat Calvert, 2009; Kuriakose, 2007; Clark, 2006). Smith posited that CSR implies the need for businesses to contribute to the communities and markets that have made them successful (cited in Gard McGehee et al, 2009, p.417); consequently, companies must consider the wellbeing of society in addition to their concerns for owners, investors and any shareholders. According to Holcomb, Upchurch and Okumus (2007), the value of CSR is in achieving corporate sustainability in order to create long-term shareholder value. This involves exploiting the market’s potential for sustainable product and services, while successfully reducing and avoiding associated cost and risk. The Gap – The Negative Impact of Not Engaging in CSR Porter & Kramer (2006) posit that, â€Å"Frequently, though, CSR efforts are counterproductive, for two reasons. First, they pit business against society, when in reality the two are interdependent. Second, they pressure companies to think of corporate social responsibility in generic ways instead of in the way most appropriate to their individual strategies.† This leads to a three-fold impact on companies not engaging in CSR– bad reputation, lower profits and customer cynicism. Examples of CSR in Hotels The idea of CSR has gained traction within the hospitality industry. Consequently, many hospitality businesses, including Sandals and Starwood Hotels, are developing CSR programs and strategies in an attempt to boost customer loyalty, conserve environments, reduce social problems and contribute to the development of communities. Several initiatives include the adoption of linen exchange programs, the use of environmentally friendly cleaning agents and energy conservation through the installation of energy saving devices (White, 2006). An example is the new eco-friendly Element Starwood Hotels and Resorts that contributes to sustainability through the implementation of the 3Rs practice of reduce, reuse and recycle. The Benefits of CSR to Hotels Companies that practice CSR achieve better reputation, improved brand image, increases in sales, more visible to investors, and increases in customer loyalty. It can also lead to enhanced public relations and benefits. For example, due to LaRosa’s Pizzeria’s contribution to community growth and development, two hundred volunteers, who had benefited from LaRosa’s generosity over the years, came to the aid of LaRosa’s Pizzeria after a fire. The volunteers made up for the short fall that resulted from inadequate insurance, with work and loans and saved the pizzeria from bankruptcy (Detwiler cited in Lynn, 2009 p. 2). Thus, companies deemed good corporate citizen are attractive to new customers and workers, and assist in raising staff morale, and have lower operating expenses. A recent study by a University of Chicago professor published in Management Accounting revealed that companies that are perceived by the public to demonstrate more socially responsible business practices and ethics are likely to perform financially better than those who do not. In 1995, a study conducted by Vanderbilt University found that eight of ten cases of low-polluting companies financially outperformed their dirtier competitors (Brands that do good, 2003; Act responsibly, 2004; Clark, 2006). As such, consumers prefer to do business with companies that have good CSR reputations Recommendation for CSR in Hotels In making decisions, management, should consider environmental outcomes, which limit and/or reduce the impact of operations on the natural environment. Hotel’s management need to implement responsible measures because of high cost associated with electricity consumption for heating/cooling, lighting, cooking, etc., which levies pressure on local resource and increase costs. Thus, the impact on the total cost consumption of a hotel from energy conservation measures is strong and more direct (Kasim, 2006). Consumers are progressively more concerned with how companies make their money and are expecting businesses to engage in responsible activities that will limit, as well as lessen their social, ethical, and environmental impacts on society and the community. White, (2006) cautions that, â€Å"that travel-savvy consumers are more environmentally aware and that having environmental and social programmes in place are a consideration in selecting accommodation.† Furthermore, any CSR program must involve the employees in order to achieve success. White (2006) also points out that, â€Å"It’s not enough for senior management to devise new ways to engage customers, to make these programs work; they must involve employees at all levels. This means ensuring that everyone in the company is informed about CSR policies and practices and are involved in implementing them.† Conclusion Corporate social responsibility means different things to different people. The underlying themes regarding CRS are that it is good and necessary, activities within which businesses participate should not be viewed or undertaken lightly, but rather, serious consideration must be given to how best CSR should be implemented. To be effective and deemed as true corporate citizens, businesses should not only demonstrate CSR during times of economic well being and its practices, during such periods as the current recession, based on measures of adherence. According to Porter & Kramer (2006), if corporations were to analyze their opportunities for social responsibility using the same frameworks that guide their core business choices, they would discover that CSR can be much more than a cost, a constraint, or a charitable deed–it can be a potent source of innovation and competitive advantage.† If hospitality organizations adopt and integrate CSR into their organizational strateg ies, they can facilitate innovativeness, increase and/or improve their organizational competitiveness, while at the same time contributing to solving problems in society that may arise. References Allen, Robin Lee. â€Å"Act responsibly: corporate good deeds help communities and build long-term business. (NRN Editorial).† Nation’s Restaurant News. 2004. Retrieved September 22, 2009 from accessmy library: http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286- 13321917_ITM Clark, S. (2006). Corporate social responsibility: A marketing tool for major hotel brands. HSMAI Marketing Review, 23(1), 42-45. Gard McGehee, N., Wattanakamolchai, S., Perdue, R. R., & Onat Calvert, E. (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility Within the U.S. Lodging Industry: an Exploratory Study. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 33(3), 417-437. Hartman, L. P., Rubin, R. S., & Dhanda, K. K. (2007). The communication of corporate social responsibility: United States and European Union multinational corporations. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 373-389. Holcomb, J. L., Upchurch, R. S., & Okumus, F. (2007). Corporate social responsibility: What are top hotel companies reporting? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 9(6), 461-475. Kasim, A. (2006). The Need for Business Environmental and Social Responsibility in the Tourism Industry. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 7(1), 1 – 22. Lynn, Christine (2009) Corporate Social Responsibility in the Hospitality Industry. School of Hotel and Restaurant Management Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ Nicolau, J. L. (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility: Worth-Creating activities. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(4), 990-1006. Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84(12), 78-92, 163. White, Michelle.†Make sure that you deliver on green promises.† Caterer & Hotelkeeper. 2006. Retrieved September 26, 2009 from accessmylibrary: http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-20063017_ITM

Critique Of A Literature Review Essay - 807 Words

Assignment 1: Critique of a Literature Review The article, â€Å"Evaluation of the Dogs, Physical Activity, and Walking (Dogs PAW) Intervention†, by Richards, E., Ogata, N., Cheng, C. aim to conduct a longer-term evaluation of the ability of the Dogs, Physical Activity, and Walking (Dogs PAW) intervention to increase dog walking among dog owners. The research problem being addressed explores maintenance of physical activity (PA) behaviour change postintervention and whether changes in behavioral theoretical constructs mediated changes in dog walking behaviour. The literature review is appropriately positioned in the research report and provides support for same. The first few paragraphs of the article discusses the relationship between†¦show more content†¦Under theoretical framework, the literature review explains a good amount on SCT and PA, however, it is lacking in how it relates in particular to dog walking. It is not until the next paragraph that the authors me ntion the relationship between pet walking and specifically pet attachment to be relating to health outcomes that can be measureable such as blood pressure, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Upon a review of the authors’ sources, I have identified that a majority consisted of primary sources. One of the sources cited, Albert Bandura, provides a good deal of credibility in conjunction with several medical journals such as the Journal of Physical Activity Health and Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. Many of the sources are extremely relevant to the topic being discussed which in turn provides the reader with pertinent information. One of the other sources which is from Centers of Disease Control and Prevention backs up this article with data pertaining to body mass index calculation and interpretation and information that defines over-weight and obesity. 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